How To Explain Evolution Site To Your Boss > 자유게시판

The Academy's Evolution Site

Biology is one of the most central concepts in biology. The Academies are committed to helping those interested in science to comprehend the evolution theory and how it can be applied across all areas of scientific research.

This site provides teachers, students and general readers with a range of educational resources on evolution. It has the most important video clips from NOVA and WGBH's science programs on DVD.

Tree of Life

The Tree of Life, an ancient symbol, symbolizes the interconnectedness of all life. It is an emblem of love and harmony in a variety of cultures. It also has many practical applications, such as providing a framework for understanding the evolution of species and how they react to changes in the environment.

The first attempts at depicting the biological world focused on separating organisms into distinct categories which had been distinguished by physical and metabolic characteristics1. These methods, which rely on the sampling of different parts of living organisms or on sequences of short fragments of their DNA, significantly expanded the diversity that could be included in the tree of life2. However these trees are mainly composed of eukaryotes; bacterial diversity is not represented in a large way3,4.

Genetic techniques have greatly expanded our ability to depict the Tree of Life by circumventing the requirement for direct observation and experimentation. Trees can be constructed using molecular methods like the small-subunit ribosomal gene.

Despite the rapid expansion of the Tree of Life through genome sequencing, much biodiversity still remains to be discovered. This is particularly true of microorganisms that are difficult to cultivate and are typically only represented in a single sample5. Recent analysis of all genomes has produced a rough draft of the Tree of Life. This includes a large number of archaea, bacteria, and other organisms that have not yet been isolated, or their diversity is not fully understood6.

The expanded Tree of Life can be used to evaluate the biodiversity of a specific area and determine if certain habitats require special protection. This information can be utilized in a variety of ways, including finding new drugs, battling diseases and 에볼루션 사이트 improving crops. The information is also incredibly valuable to conservation efforts. It helps biologists determine those areas that are most likely contain cryptic species that could have important metabolic functions that could be at risk from anthropogenic change. Although funding to protect biodiversity are essential, ultimately the best way to protect the world's biodiversity is for more people living in developing countries to be empowered with the necessary knowledge to act locally to promote conservation from within.

Phylogeny

A phylogeny is also known as an evolutionary tree, shows the relationships between various groups of organisms. By using molecular information as well as morphological similarities and distinctions, or ontogeny (the process of the development of an organism), scientists can build a phylogenetic tree that illustrates the evolution of taxonomic categories. The phylogeny of a tree plays an important role in understanding the relationship between genetics, biodiversity and evolution.

A basic phylogenetic Tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 ) determines the relationship between organisms that share similar traits that have evolved from common ancestors. These shared traits may be analogous or homologous. Homologous traits are identical in their evolutionary origins while analogous traits appear like they do, but don't have the same ancestors. Scientists arrange similar traits into a grouping called a Clade. All organisms in a group have a common trait, such as amniotic egg production. They all evolved from an ancestor with these eggs. The clades are then linked to create a phylogenetic tree to determine the organisms with the closest relationship.

Scientists utilize molecular DNA or RNA data to build a phylogenetic chart that is more accurate and precise. This information is more precise than morphological information and provides evidence of the evolutionary history of an organism or group. Molecular data allows researchers to identify the number of species who share an ancestor common to them and estimate their evolutionary age.

Phylogenetic relationships can be affected by a number of factors such as phenotypicplasticity. This is a type of behavior that changes in response to unique environmental conditions. This can cause a characteristic to appear more resembling to one species than to another and 에볼루션 무료 바카라 obscure the phylogenetic signals. This problem can be mitigated by using cladistics. This is a method that incorporates the combination of analogous and homologous features in the tree.

In addition, phylogenetics helps predict the duration and rate at which speciation occurs. This information will assist conservation biologists in deciding which species to save from disappearance. Ultimately, it is the preservation of phylogenetic diversity that will result in a complete and balanced ecosystem.

Evolutionary Theory

The central theme of evolution is that organisms develop distinct characteristics over time based on their interactions with their environment. Several theories of evolutionary change have been developed by a variety of scientists, including the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274) who proposed that a living organism develop gradually according to its requirements and needs, 에볼루션 코리아 the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who conceived the modern hierarchical taxonomy Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) who suggested that use or disuse of traits can cause changes that can be passed on to the offspring.

In the 1930s and 1940s, concepts from various fields, such as genetics, natural selection and particulate inheritance, were brought together to form a contemporary evolutionary theory. This defines how evolution is triggered by the variation of genes in a population and how these variants change with time due to natural selection. This model, which is known as genetic drift, mutation, gene flow and sexual selection, is a cornerstone of the current evolutionary biology and is mathematically described.

Recent discoveries in the field of evolutionary developmental biology have revealed that variation can be introduced into a species through genetic drift, mutation, and reshuffling of genes in sexual reproduction, and also through the movement of populations. These processes, along with other ones like directionally-selected selection and erosion of genes (changes in the frequency of genotypes over time), can lead towards evolution. Evolution is defined by changes in the genome over time, as well as changes in the phenotype (the expression of genotypes in an individual).

Incorporating evolutionary thinking into all areas of biology education could increase students' understanding of phylogeny and evolution. A recent study by Grunspan and colleagues, for example demonstrated that teaching about the evidence that supports evolution helped students accept the concept of evolution in a college-level biology course. For more information on how to teach evolution look up The Evolutionary Potential in all Areas of Biology or Thinking Evolutionarily as a Framework for Integrating Evolution into Life Sciences Education.

Evolution in Action

Traditionally, scientists have studied evolution by studying fossils, comparing species, 에볼루션코리아 and studying living organisms. Evolution isn't a flims moment; it is a process that continues today. Viruses evolve to stay away from new drugs and bacteria evolve to resist antibiotics. Animals alter their behavior as a result of a changing world. The resulting changes are often evident.

But it wasn't until the late 1980s that biologists understood that natural selection could be observed in action as well. The key is that various traits confer different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness) and can be passed from one generation to the next.

In the past, when one particular allele - the genetic sequence that defines color in a population of interbreeding species, it could rapidly become more common than other alleles. In time, this could mean the number of black moths within a population could increase. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.

It is easier to track evolutionary change when a species, such as bacteria, has a rapid generation turnover. Since 1988, Richard Lenski, a biologist, has tracked twelve populations of E.coli that descend from a single strain. Samples from each population were taken regularly, and more than 50,000 generations of E.coli have been observed to have passed.

Lenski's research has revealed that mutations can alter the rate of change and the effectiveness of a population's reproduction. It also shows that evolution takes time, a fact that is difficult for some to accept.

Microevolution can be observed in the fact that mosquito genes for pesticide resistance are more prevalent in populations that have used insecticides. This is due to pesticides causing an enticement that favors those who have resistant genotypes.

The rapidity of evolution has led to a greater appreciation of its importance particularly in a world shaped largely by human activity. This includes climate change, pollution, and habitat loss, which prevents many species from adapting. Understanding evolution can help us make better decisions about the future of our planet, and 에볼루션 코리아 the lives of its inhabitants.